13.Railroads of the Future

    Therailroadsofthenearfuturewillprobablynotinvolveanyspectacularlynewprinciplebutwillbedevelopmentsofthoseweusetoday.Therailadministrationshavebuilttheirentiresystemtoastereotypedmodel,withtwosteelrailsofaparticulartypeseparatedbya“gauge”ofabout1.43m,1.07m......查看详细>>

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14.Port Construction

    Aharborisanyplacethatprovidesseagoingshipsorboatsofanykindwithameasureofprotectionfromthewindandwaves.Tofulfillthisrole,aharbormustbedeepenoughtoaccommodatethelargestshipsthatmayuseit,andhaveabottomthatwillholdthematanchor.Aportisaharborwithfacilitiesfort......查看详细>>

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15.Canal Construction

    ModerncanalprovideimportanttransporthighwaysthroughoutEuropeand,toalesserextent,NorthAmerica.TheriversRhineandMosellefeedandxtensivecanalsysteminGermanythathasconnectionstotheDutch,Belgian,andFrenchnetworks.AnewmajorwaterwayiscompletedtoconnecttheRhinewit......查看详细>>

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16.Building Dams

    Controlofhislife-sustainingwatersupplyhasalwaysbeenoneofman’sprimaryconcerns.For5,000years,damshavebeeninstrumentalinthiscontrol,beingusedtoavertfloods,divertrivers,storewater,andirrigateland.Manyoftoday’sconstructionsfulfillthesesameage-oldfunctions;dams......查看详细>>

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17.Water Supply

    Themoreprosperousmanbecomes,themorewaterheuses.In1980sindevelopingcountries(theThirdWorld),somecommunitiesmanagewithanaverageof2.5gallons(12liters)ofwaterperpersonperday.InmostEuropeancitiesthedailydomesticconsumptionpercapitaofthepopulationisnearer33gall......查看详细>>

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18.Sewage Treatment

    Assoonasearlypeoplesestablishedsettlementtheyhadtheproblemofgettingridofsewage——theirorganicwastesand,sometimes,thoseofdomesticanimals.Naturedisposesofsurplusorganicmaterialinfourprincipalwaysbydilution,oxidation,putrefaction,andfiltration.Earlypeoplesrel......查看详细>>

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