Withreferenceto(API,2008a),designofflexiblepipesisalsocarriedoutinstages:(1)MaterialselectionconsideringthetemperatureandchemicalconditionsintermsofpH(sweetorsourservice);(2)Cross-sectionconfigurationdesignbasedonwhattobetransported(gas,oil,water)andatwhi...[继续阅读]

    ThestresscomponentsinthepipewallduetointernalandexternalpressureandexternalloadsareshowninFigure3.1.Figure3.1StresscomponentsinthepipewallTheσψψ(hoop)stresscanbedescribedbythinwalledorthickwalledshelltheories.Thethickwalledtheoryisbasedonradialequilibrium...[继续阅读]

    Duringshut-downsthewellflowstopsandthepipewillstarttocooldown.Ifitisassumedthatthepipeisinsulatedbyathinefficientlayerofinsulationsothatmostoftheheatisstoredinsideoftheinsulation,thetimeuntilacriticaltemperaturecanbeestimatedbytheapproachshowninFigure5.4w...[继续阅读]

    Thetensilearmourconsistsofflatrectangularprofiles,withroundedcornersforavoidingnotcheffects.Foreachlayer,allwiresaresimultaneouslycoldformedontothepipesurface,40～80wiresineachlayeratlayangles29°～55°.ThefractionfilledratioFfisusuallyaround0.9.Forthetensile...[继续阅读]

    Thepipelineincludingtherisersectionsmustbedesignedtoensurerobustandsafeoperationthroughoutitslifetime.Thisincludesavoidingflowfailurebywaxblocking(typicallyduetohydrocarbonscloggingtothepipewallinoilpipelines)orhydrateformation(typicallyforflowlineswithun...[继续阅读]

    ThesoilforcehistoriesattheapexbyapplyingthedifferentsoilmodelareshowninFigure10.13(a)whereastheassociatedbendingmomentdistributionsobtainedafter5cyclesareshowninFigure10.13(b).TheincreaseinbendingmomentattheapexbyapplyingtheSafebuckmodelisevident.However,...[继续阅读]

    Tensileandpressurearmourbendingstressanalysiscanbecarriedoutbyseveralapproaches:(1)Byanalyticalmethods;(2)ByuseofgeneralFEsoftware;(3)ByspecializedFEsoftware.1.TensilearmourAnalyticalmethodsaccordingtotheprinciplesoutlinedinSection4.5iswidelyusedintheindu...[继续阅读]

    Inthefollowingthebasisfordifferentelementsofgeneralrelevanceforglobalanalysisofslenderstructuresispresentedinsomedetail.ThisincludestructuralandcontactelementsthathavebeenimplementedinthecomputercodesBFLEXandSIMLAreferredtoinSection9.3andChapter10....[继续阅读]

    Figure8.6showsthesafetyindexasafunctionofimperfectionandsoilcoverCOVs.Itisseenthattheupheavalbucklingproblemissensitivetobothparameters.Normally,surveycampaignsareappliedtoconfirmboththepipeprofileandthesoilthickness.Dependingontheequipmentused,anaccuracy...[继续阅读]

    Thepipewasmodelledasafixed-pinnedbeamwithprescribedrotationsatthefixedend.Thepinnedendwasfreetotranslateinthelongitudinalglobaldirectionwhereatensionof1000kNwasapplied.Theprescribedrotationwasusedtosimulatetherelativerotationbetweentheriserandthefloater,w...[继续阅读]