Burstingofapipebyexcessiveinternalpressurecanoccurifthepipeisnotproperlydesigned,orifthemaximuminternalpressureisconsiderablyunderestimated.However,iftheinternalpressureisknownthisfailuremodeisnotlikelytooccur.Thedesignpressureincludesoperatingpressureand...[继续阅读]

    Axi-symmetricstressanalysisofflexiblepipescanbecarriedoutbyseveralapproaches:(1)Byanalyticalmethods;(2)ByuseofgeneralFEsoftware;(3)Byspecializedsoftwarebasedontheconcentriclayerapproach.Fortheburstingandtensionfailuremodesthegapsbetweenlayerswillbeclosedb...[继续阅读]

    Servingasanexampletodiscussrelevantloadsforslenderstructureswithonesectionrestingontheseabedandanotherhangingintothesea,Figure2.5showsapipelinewhichisinstalledbytheS-laymethod.Thepipeisemptyandhasasubmergedweightperlengthofpipewswithanassociateddryweightp...[继续阅读]

    Weldingisafabricationprocessthatjoinsmaterials,usuallymetalsorthermoplastics.Themainideaistobondthesurfacestogetherbyliquefyingthematerialsurfacesandthereafterallowingtheliquidtosolidify.Attheendofthisprocessthetwopiecesofmaterialhavebecomeonecontinuousso...[继续阅读]

    TheprocedureappliedherewasbasedonfindingtheprobabilityoffailureexpressedbymeansoftheHasofer-Lindreliabilityindexβ,see(Melchers,1987).ThisisanapproximatemethodbasedonaTaylorexpansionofthefailurefunctionthatonlyincludesthefirstorderterms,thereforereferredto...[继续阅读]

    A400mlongpipelinerestingonaflatseabedwasconsidered.Themodelincluded200elasticPIPE31and201CONT126elements,seeFigure10.12.Thecyclicmotionduetotemperatureexpansionwastreatedinasimplifiedwaybyprescribinganaxialdisplacementintheendsrangingbetween0.5mto1mandthr...[继续阅读]

    Thecatenaryequationisbasedonneglectingthebendingstiffnesseffect.Thismeansthatitwillrepresentanapproximatesolution,evenforJ-configurations,especiallywithrespecttothecurvatureatTDPwhichwillbeinfluencedlocallybythepipesbendingstiffness.Byneglectingthebending...[继续阅读]

    Corrosionwillreducetheinertiamomentofthecross-sectionandhencereducethelateralbucklingcapacity,seeEq.4.82.Ifanevencorrosionfactorcisassumedsothatthecorrodedwirewidthb*＝b(1-2c)andthecorrodedwirethicknessist*＝t(1-2c),andthentheassociatedlateralbucklingcapaci...[继续阅读]

    Inthefollowingthephysicalbehaviourrelatedtoglobalbucklingofpipelinesandflexibleswillbeexplained.Thisissupportedbyananalyticalmodelthatdescribesthegoverningparametersofthebucklingprocessandaprobabilisticstudytoinvestigatewhichparametersthataremostimportant...[继续阅读]

    Oneimportantroutingandinstallationcriterionistheminimumhorizontalradiusofcurvaturethatcanbeobtainedontheseabed.ThisisfoundbysimpletransverseequilibriuminthehorizontalplaneusingtheavailablelateraltransverseforceμywsinFigure7.9:Figure7.9Infinitesimalcatenar...[继续阅读]