Theinstrumentationappliedduringthetestincludedmeasuringtheshorteningofthespecimenandtheassociatedtorsionrotationofthefreeend(Østergaard,2012).Failurewasassumedwhenseveretorsionrotationofthespecimenhadoccurred.Thiswasthenfollowedbydissectingthespecime...[继续阅读]

    ThetaskinthefollowingexampleistoinvestigatetheconsequencesintermsoftheresultingbendingmomentatthebucklingapexofusingtheDNV,thetraditionalCoulombandtheSAFEBUCKmodelsforapiperestingonaclaysoil.TheanalysiswascarriedoutinSIMLA....[继续阅读]

    Thebasicquestionrelatedtocostsistoidentifywhethercarbonsteelcanbeusedornot.Inmanycasescarbonsteelcanbeappliedevenincorrosiveenvironments.However,thisrequirescalculationofcorrosionratesandtherequiredcorrosionallowance(CA).Corrosionallowanceistheamountofpip...[继续阅读]

    Figure7.1givesanoverviewofdifferentpipelineinstallationmethods.Figure7.1PipelineinstallationmethodsTherearethreemaininstallationmethodsinuse:(1)Towmethods;(2)J-lay;(3)S-lay.OfwhichonlyJ-layisofrelevanceforflexiblepipeandcableinstallation....[继续阅读]

    AprincipaloutlineofthemodelisshowninFigure10.5(a)anda3DviewofthestingerandtouchdownsectionsofthemodelareshowninFigure10.5(b).Themodelconsistedof400PIPE33elementsfortheouterflowline.Theinnerflowlinewasrepresentedby400linearelasticPIPE31elementsconnectedtot...[继续阅读]

    Intheliteraturetheconceptofeffectivetensionisreferredtowhenexplainingthebehaviourofslendermarinestructures,see(Sparks,1984).Itiswellknownthatthebehaviourofbeamstructurescanbedescribedbysixcross-sectionstressresultants:oneaxialforce,twoshearforcecomponents...[继续阅读]

    Theresultsintermsofpipeline/clump-weightinteractionduringdifferentinstantsintimeisshowninFigure10.16andplotsofwarp-lineforceandpipelinemidpointstressisshowninFigure10.17.Itisseenthatseveredeformationsoccur,however,thetotalresponseissignificantlylessthanon...[继续阅读]

    Withrespecttobendingstressesinthepressurearmour,therearetwosignificantcontributionstoconsiderwithreferencetoFigure4.1:(1)Bendinginducedlongitudinalσ11stressesinthehoopdirection;(2)Stressesintroducedinthecross-sectionplane,primarilyσ22,σ23andσ33stresses.1....[继续阅读]

    Aflexibleriserhangingfromafloaterwillbeexposedtocyclicloadsfromtopmotionsandhydrodynamiceffectsresultingintensionandcurvaturevariations.Thisresultsindynamiclongitudinalandshearstressesinthetensilearmourwherethelongitudinalstressrepresentsthemostimportantc...[继续阅读]

    1.LayerstructureelementIncaseswherethebehaviourisgovernedbyhelixmembranestressesanditcanbeassumedwithoutsignificantlossofaccuracythatthehelicesarecontinuouslysupported,itispossibletodescribetheforcesthatoccurbetweenlayersincomplexcross-sectionsbyelementst...[继续阅读]