朱熹,或称朱子,是一位精思、明辩、博学、多产的哲学家。光是他的语录就有一百四十卷。到了朱熹,程朱学派或理学的哲学系统才达到顶峰。这个学派的统治,虽然有几个时期遭到非议,特别是遭到陆王学派和清代某些学者的非议,但...[继续阅读]

    Of the chapter titled “Minor Illustrations,” a large part is devoted to the discussions of dialectic. This chapter says: “Dialectic serves to make clear the distinction between right and wrong, to discriminate between order and disorder, to make evident p...[继续阅读]

    除了各类事物的道,还有万物作为整体的“道”。换句话说,除了特殊的多样的道,还有一般的统一的万物生成变化所遵循的“道”。《系辞传》上说:“一阴一阳之谓‘道’。继之者善也,成之者性也。”这是生成万物的“道”,这样的...[继续阅读]

    隐者正是这样的“欲洁其身”的个人主义者。在某种意义上,他们还是败北主义者,他们认为这个世界太坏了,不可救药。有一位隐者说:“滔滔者天下皆是也,而谁以易之?”(《论语·微子》)这些人大都离群索居,遁迹山林,道家可能就是...[继续阅读]

    The idea of chung is fully developed in the Chung Yung or Doctrine of the Mean.Chung is like the Aristotelian idea of the “golden mean.” Some would understand it as simply doing things no more than halfway, but this is quite wrong. The real meaning of chu...[继续阅读]

    名家另一个主要领袖是公孙龙(鼎盛期公元前284—前259年),当日以诡辩而广泛闻名。据说,他有一次骑马过关,关吏说:“马不准过。”公孙龙回答说:“我骑的是白马,白马非马。”说着就连马一起过去了。公孙龙不像惠施那样强调“实”...[继续阅读]

    In Taoist literature, illustrations may be found for both the above-mentioned aspects of Yang Chus ideology. In the first chapter of the Chuang-tzu, there is a story about a meeting between the legendary sage-ruler Yao and a hermit named Hsü Yu. Yao was a...[继续阅读]

    During the feudal age of the Chou dynasty, kings, princes, and feudal lords all had their military specialists. These were the hereditary warriors who constituted the backbone of the armies of that time. With the disintegration of feudalism that took plac...[继续阅读]

    In Chapter ⅩⅪ said that Wang Pi maintained the theory that the sage “has emotions but is without ensnarement.” It is also said in the Chuang-tzu: “The mind of the perfect man is like a mirror. It does not move with things, nor does it anticipate them. It ...[继续阅读]

    可是,像这样断长、续短的事,恰恰是“人”尽力而为的事。一切法律、道德、制度、政府的目的,都是立同禁异。那些尽力立同的人,动机也许是完全值得钦佩的。他们发现有些东西对他们有好处,就迫不及待,要别人也有这些东西。可...[继续阅读]