Producing /h/1) Raise the soft palate to stop the air escaping throughthe nasal cavity;2) Keep the tongue in position for the vowel immediatelyfollowed;3) Allow the air stream to pass through the wide-openglottis producing audible friction;4) Do not vibra...[继续阅读]

    IntroductionAn affricate is a special kind of plosive in which the release of the “stops” isimmediately followed by the corresponding fricative,i.e.,the fricative formed at thesame place in the mouth as the stop. This friction is heard because the organs ...[继续阅读]

    Producing /m/1) Close the lips to stop the air stream in the mouth;2) Lower the soft palate so that the air can escapethrough the nasal cavity;3) Vibrate the vocal folds as the air comes out of the nose;4) The lip position will depend upon that of adjacen...[继续阅读]

    Producing /n/1) Place the tip of the tongue against the upper frontteeth ridge;2) Lower the soft palate so that the air can escapethrough the nose cavity;3) Vibrate the vocal folds;4) The lip position will depend upon that of adjacentvowels. For example,s...[继续阅读]

    Producing /&331;/1) Raise the back of the tongue against the soft palateto stop the air behind the closure;2) Lower the soft palate so that the air can escapethrough the nose cavity;3) Vibrate the vocal folds;4) The lip position will depend upon that of t...[继续阅读]

    IntroductionA lateral consonant is one in which the passage of air through the mouth doesnot go in the usual way along the center of the tongue; instead,there is completeclosure in the center of the air passage,with a free passage on the sides of the tong...[继续阅读]

    Producing /r/1) Raise the tip of the tongue near to,but nottouching,the back of the upper alveolar ridge;2) Press the sides of the tongue against yourupper back teeth;3) Allow the air stream to pass freely,withoutfriction,over the central part of the tong...[继续阅读]

    Producing /j/1) Raise the soft palate to stop the air escaping throughthe nasal cavity;2) Press the sides of the tongue against the upper backteeth;3) Raise the front of the tongue from the /i:/ positiontoward the hard palate so that the friction takes pl...[继续阅读]

    Producing /w/1) Raise the soft palate to stop the air escapingthrough the nasal cavity;2) Raise the back of the tongue from /u:/ positiontoward the soft palate so that the friction takes place;3) Move the tongue away immediately to theposition of the foll...[继续阅读]

    When we look at the nature of vowels and consonants in the previous units we can see that one could decide whether a particular sound is a vowel or a consonant on phonetic grounds (in relation to how much they obstructed the airflow) or on phonological gr...[继续阅读]