IntroductionIn forming the back vowels the back of the tongue is instrumental in giving thevowels their quality. The varying distance of the back of the tongue from the softpalate results in different back vowels. Going up the series toward /u:/, the mout...[继续阅读]

    The closing diphthongs have the characteristics that they all end with a glidetoward a closer vowel. Because the second part of the diphthong is weak,they oftendo not reach a position that could be called close. The important thing is that a glidefrom a r...[继续阅读]

    The sounds /&618;&601;, e&601;, &650;&601;/ are called centering diphthongs because the firstelement glides toward the central vowel /&601;/ as in beer, bear, boor. Each one isexplained in the figure below.Centring Diphthongs/&618;&601;/ /e&601;/ /&650;&6...[继续阅读]

    Producing /p/1) Press your lips together firmly,to stop the flow of air;2) Hold the air behind the closure;3) Open the lips suddenly so that the air comes outof the mouth with a plosive sound;4) Before the lips are opened,the tongue takes theposition of t...[继续阅读]

    Producing /t/1) Press the tip of the tongue against the upperfront teeth ridge;2) Hold the air behind the closure at the alveolarridge;3) Then quickly drop the tongue tip from thealveolar ridge and let the air rush out with an explosion;4) The vocal folds...[继续阅读]

    Producing /k/1) Raise the back of the tongue to touch the softpalate;2) Stop the air stream behind the closure;3) Then quickly lower the back of the tongue. Asthe air is released,the sound is produced with a strongpuff of air;4) Be careful not to vibrate ...[继续阅读]

    Producing /f/1) Raise the soft palate so that no air can escape throughthe nasal cavity;2) Press the upper teeth against the lower lip lightly so thatthe air can be forced out between the teeth and the lower lip;3) Produce the sound by forcing air out thr...[继续阅读]

    Producing /θ/1) Place the tip of the tongue close to the upper teeth;2) Hold the lips slightly open;3) Breathe out the air through the narrow passage,makinga voiceless continuant;4) Do not vibrate the vocal folds.Producing /&240;/1) This sound is produced...[继续阅读]

    Producing /s/1) Raise the front part of the tongue toward the frontpart of the hard palate,but do not touch it;2) Place the sides of the tongue against the upper teeth;3) Be sure there is a narrow groove along the center ofthe tongue. The airstream escape...[继续阅读]

    Producing /&643;/1) Raise the soft palate to stop the air escapingthrough the nasal cavity;2) Protrude the lips slightly;3) Place the tip of the tongue near the lower teeth andraise the front part of the tongue toward the hard palate;4) Press the sides of...[继续阅读]